Studi Literatur Penarikan Garis Penutup Mulut Sungai untuk Penetapan Perairan Pedalaman

Authors

  • Mukti Fatimah Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • I Made Andi Arsana Universitas Gadjahmada

Keywords:

Garis Penutup Mulut Sungai, Perairan Pedalaman, Pasal 9 UNCLOS 1982

Abstract

Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan berhak menetapkan perairan pedalaman dengan menarik garis penutup mulut sungai, garis penutup teluk, dan garis penutup pelabuhan berdasarkan UNCLOS 1982 pasal 9, 10, dan 11. Melalui koordinasi di bawah Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kemaritiman dan Investasi, hingga tahun 2018 Indonesia telah melakukan identifikasi penutupan teluk-teluk. Identifikasi terhadap garis penutup mulut sungai dan pelabuhan belum dilakukan karena belum memiliki standard dalam metode penarikannya. Berdasarkan pasal 9 UNCLOS 1982, jika sungai mengalir langsung ke laut, maka garis dasar ditarik lurus melewati mulut sungai di antara tepi sungai pada garis air rendah. Dalam pasal tersebut kriteria sungai yang mengalir langsung ke laut dan titik acuan penarikan garis mulut sungai masih belum dijelaskan secara terperinci, sehingga masih sulit diikuti secara teknis. Identifikasi tipe mulut sungai diperlukan untuk menentukan apakah sungai mengalir langsung ke laut ataukah melalui estuari terlebih dahulu. Jika sungai mengalir langsung ke laut, maka prinsip pasal 9 UNCLOS 1982 dapat digunakan. Jika sungai tidak mengalir langsung ke laut, namun melalui estuari, maka prinsip pasal 9 UNCLOS 1982 tidak dapat digunakan, sehingga diperlukan pendekatan metode teknis lain yang lebih relevan.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan metode penarikan garis penutup mulut sungai untuk penetapan perairan pedalaman. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi literatur dari dokumen perundang- undangan, dokumen konvensi, dan dokumen teknis terkait. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah rekomendasi metode yang dapat digunakan untuk penarikan garis penutup mulut sungai. Penarikan garis penutup mulut sungai dilakukan dengan empat langkah utama, yaitu 1) identifikasi tipe mulut sungai 2) menentukan  metode penarikan garis penutup mulut sungai 3) menentukan titik acuan garis penutup mulut sungai 4) menarik garis penutup mulut sungai.


Indonesia as an archipelagic country has the right to delimitate internal waters by drawing mouth of river closing lines, bay closing lines  and port closing lines based on article 9, 10, and 11 UNCLOS 1982. Under the coordination of the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment, until 2018 Indonesia has identified the bay closing line. The identification of mouth of ruver closing lines and port closing lines has not been carried out because it does not have a standard in the  method. According to article 9 UNCLOS 1982, If a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline shall be a straight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-water line of its banks. In this article, the criteria for rivers flowing directly into the sea and the reference point for drawing the mouth of river closing line are still not clearly explained, so they are still technically difficult to follow.Identification of the river mouth type is needed to determine whether a river flows directly into the sea or through an estuary. If a river flows directly into the sea, the principles of article 9 UNCLOS 1982 can be used. If a river does not flow directly into the sea, but through an estuary, then the principles of article 9 UNCLOS 1982 cannot be used, so that another, more relevant technical method approach is needed. This study aims to determine the method of drawing a mouth of river closing line for internal waters delemitation. This research uses literature study method from legislation documents, convention documents, and related technical documents. The result of this study is a recommended method that can be used to draw river closing line. Drawing the mouth of river closing line is carried out in four main steps, 1) identification of the river mouth type 2) determining the method of drawing the mouth of river closing line 3) determining the reference point for mouth of river closing line  4) drawing mouth of river closing line.

Author Biographies

Mukti Fatimah, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Mahasiswa Teknik Geomatika, Universitas Gadjahmada

I Made Andi Arsana, Universitas Gadjahmada

Dosen Teknik Geodesi, Universitas Gadjahmada

References

Anonim. (1996). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 1996 tentang Perairan Indonesia, Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.

Anonim. (2002). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 Tahun 2002 tentang Daftar Koordinat Geografis Titik-titik Garis Pangkal Kepulauan Indonesia, Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.

Aryaguna, P. (2017). Analisis Penginderaan Jauh untuk Data Oseanografi : erbandingan Salinitas Analisis Penginderaan Jauh untuk Data Oseanografi : Perbandingan Salinitas dan Suhu pada Permukaan dan Kolom Air di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan 711 ( WPP 711 ). No.2. Vol.51. hal. 149–160.

Baek, Y., & Wilford, S. (2012). Tracing offshore low-salinity plumes in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico during the summer season by use of multispectral remote-sensing data Tracing offshore low-salinity plumes in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico during the summer season by use of multispectral remote-sensing data. (April 2014). No.5. Vol.68. hal. 743-760 : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-012-0131-y

Baumert, K. (2015). The Practice of Archipelagic States : A Study of Studies. Ocean Development & International Law. No.1. Vol.46. hal. 60–80: https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2015.995970

BIG.(2018). Laporan Tahunan Badan Informasi Geospasial Tahun 2018. Bogor: BIG.

BIG. (2013). Dokumen Teknis Garis Pantai 2013. Bogor: BIG

Biro Komunikasi Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kemaritiman dan Investasi. (2018). Menko Maritim Luncurkan Data Rujukan Wilayah Kelautan Indonesia. https://maritim.go.id/menko-maritim-luncurkan-data-rujukan-wilayah-kelautan-indonesia/ diakses tgl 20 Agustus 2020.

Churchill, R. R., & Lowe, A. V. (1988). The Law of The Sea-Second Edition. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

David J,Malgosia F, M.Fitzamaurice, Norman A. (2014). The IMLI Manual on International Maritime Law: Vol. I: The Law of The Sea. New York: OUP Oxford

Elliott, M., Mclusky, D. S., Sciences, B., & Fk, S. (2002). The Need for Definitions in Understanding Estuaries. https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2002.1031

Federal Register of Legislation. (1973). Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973. https://geoscience-au.maps.arcgis.com/ apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=64f50e90e9f545dc9fecc3f0a566ed13 diakses pada tanggal 26 Oktober 2020

Hadikusumah, & Simanjuntak, M. (2011). Box Model Air Tawar, Salinitas, dan Zat Hara di Delta Mahakam Kalimantan Timur. Makara Journal of Science. No.1. Vol.15. hal. 79–88: https://doi/org/10.7454/mss.v15i1 .884

International Hydrographic Organization (iho). (2014). A Manual on Technical Aspects of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea–1982 (TALOS).

Kaye, S. (2019). Locating the mouth of a river in australian law. Adel. L. Rev. No. 3 Vol.22. hal. 5–13.

KKP. (2014) Laporan Teknis Penelitian. Bioteknologi Sumberdaya Ikan di Estuari Sungai Mahakam, Kalimantan Timur. KKP, Palembang.

Ladya, C. D., & Rokhmatuloh, S. (2015). Zonasi Estuari Ci Mandiri Berdasarkan Salinitas Permukaan Perairan Abstrak Ci Mandiri Estuary Zonation Based on Sea Surface Salinity.

Lestari, M. M. (2017). Arti Penting Delimitasi Perairan Pedalaman Setiap Pulau di Indonesia. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum .No.1. Vol.25. hal. 69–77.

M.G.Mustofa, K., Mottaleb, M. A., Yoshioka, T., & Vione, D. (2013). Photobiogeochemistry of Organic Matter. Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London: Springer.

Mauritius Maritime Zone Act 2005 Act No. 2 of 2005 tersedia di: https://www.un.org/Depts/los/doalos_publications /LOSBulletins/bulletinpdf/bulletin62e.pdf diakses tgl 25 April 2020.

Mikhailov, V. N., & Gorin, S. L. (2012). New definitions, regionalization, and typification of river mouth areas and estuaries as their parts. Water Resources. No.3. Vol.39. hal. 247–260: https://doi.org/10.1134/S009780781203 0050

Ministry of Housing and Lands. (2007). Republic of Mauritius. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONAND TREATIES/PDFFILES/MAPS/mus_mzn63_2008_00189.jpg diakses tgl 26 Oktober 2020

Muhlis, Fatmawati, Irdhatullah, Rahim, Syamsia. (2019). Aplikasi Data Penginderaan Jauh untuk Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan. Surabaya: Qiara Media.

Nafizah, Jaelani, L. M., & Winarso, G. (2016). Evaluasi Algoritma Wouthuyzen dan Son untuk Pendugaan Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) (Studi Kasus: Perairan Utara Pamekasan). Disertasi. Program Pasca Sarjana Teknik Geomatika, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya.

Nugroho, S. S. (2019). Implementasi Ketentuan Pasal 50 Unclos Di Wilayah Negara Kepulauan. Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional. No.2. Vo.8. hal. 293: https://dx.doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding. v8i2.314

Prescott, V., & Schofield, C. (2005). The Maritime Political Boundaries of the World Second Edition. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Reed, M. W. (2000). Shore and Sea Boundaries. Washington: U.S. Departmenet of Commerce -National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Services Center Office of Coast Surve.

Rismayatika, F., Ikhsanti, H., & Tirani, R. (2019). Identifikasi Perubahan Salinitas Air Di Perairan Sekitar Pembangunan Identifikasi Perubahan Salinitas Air Di Perairan Sekitar Pembangunan Reklamasi Citraland City Kota Makassar Menggunakan Citra Landsat 8. Seminar Nasional Penginderaan Jauh ke-6 Tahun 2019. Depok. 17 Juli.

Roach, J. A., & Smith, R. W. (2012). Excessive Maritime Claims. Leiden: iDC Publishers and Martinus nijhoff Publishers.

Sulistiyo, B., & Wirasantosa, S. (2007). Buku Panduan Survei Toponimi Teluk dan Tanjung di Indonesia. Pusat Riset Wilayah Laut dan Sumberdaya Non Hayati, Badan Riset Kelautan dan Perikanan, Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan.

Supriatna, L., Supriatna, J., Koetsoer, R. H., & Takarina, N. D. (2015). Algorithm model for the determination of Cimandiri Estuarine boundary using remote sensing Algorithm Model for the Determination of Cimandiri Estuarine Boundary using Remote Sensing. AIP conference Proceedings. Vol. 1729, No. 1, p. 020079. AIP Publishing LLC.

Tanaka, Y. (2015). The International Law of The Sea- Second Edition. Cambridge University Press.

Treves, T. (1984). The 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law.

UN. (1992). The Law of the Sea. Practice of Archipelagic States. New York.

UN. (2008). M.Z.N.63.2008. LOS(Maritime Zone Notification).

United Nation Convention On The Law Of The Sea (UNCLOS) 1982

US, D. of S. of. (1984). Fiji’s Maritime Claims. Limits in the Seas.

US, D. of S. of. (2014a). Antigua and Barbuda: Archipelagic and other Maritime Claims and Boundaries. Limits in the Seas.

US, D. of S. of. (2014b). Grenada: Archipelagic and other Maritime Claims and Bouundaries. Limits in the Seas.

US, D. of S. of. (2014c). Mauritius: Archipelagic and other Maritime Claims and Boundaries. Limits in the Seas.

Widya Prarikeslan. (2016). Oseanografi. Jakarta:Prenada Media.

Downloads

Published

2024-07-02

Issue

Section

Articles