International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research
International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research A Sinta-2 accredited open access journal advancing original research and innovation in marine engineering, committed to fast peer-reviewed publishing for academia and industry worldwide. Submit Your Manuscript About the Journal Promoting the innovative marine engineering research and knowledge through open-access, peer-reviewed global collaboration. P-ISSN: 2541-5972 | E-ISSN: 2548-1479 Focus and Scope The International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research (IJMEIR) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to disseminating original research, innovations, and practical contributions in marine engineering. We welcome high-quality papers from both academia and industry covering all aspects of marine science, technology, and related fields. IJMEIR publishes quarterly issues and offers a fast publication process with broad international visibility and high citation impact. IJMEIR commitment is to provide a free platform for researchers worldwide to publish, read, and share valuable knowledge. IJMEIR scope includes marine engineering, marine technology, marine sciences, environmental engineering, and associated interdisciplinary areas. We invite you to contribute and advance marine innovation with us. Detailed Scope
Department of Marine Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Analysis of the Captain's Role to Improve Compliance with Safety Protocols on the UV Royal King Ali
In Indonesia, there were more than 174 ship accidents from 2021–2025, with the main causes including human error, lack of operational supervision, and low crew compliance with applicable safety protocols. This study aims to: 1) describe the condition of crew compliance of the UV. Royal King Ali to applicable safety protocols; 2) To identify and analyze the factors causing low crew compliance with safety protocols; and 3) To analyze the crew supervision and management strategies implemented by the captain in an effort to improve compliance with safety protocols. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection uses observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the compliance of the UV. Royal King Ali crew was initially still low with a PPE compliance level of 63.3%. The main causes are lack of communication, crew fatigue, low understanding of safety procedures, absence of an incentive system, suboptimal equipment conditions, lack of supervision, and operational pressure. Efforts to increase compliance with safety protocols were implemented and were successful, as shown by an increase in compliance with PPE use of 27.4% and an overall safety percentage of 30.9%.
Copyright (c) 2026 Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integration of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Communicative Scenario-Based in Maritime English Learning
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has created new opportunities to enhance language learning, particularly in vocational education contexts such as Maritime English. This study investigated the implementation of AI-assisted communicative scenario-based learning and examined its effectiveness in improving maritime cadets’ English-speaking skills. A mixed-method research design was employed involving 50 fourth-semester cadets of the Deck Department (Teknologi Rekayasa Pengoperasian Kapal). Quantitative data were collected through pre-test and post-test speaking assessments and questionnaires, while qualitative data were obtained from interviews. AI-supported tools, including Google Speech-to-Text, ChatGPT, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Langotalk, were integrated into communicative maritime scenarios such as VHF communication, cargo handling communication, and safety drill communication. The findings revealed that cadets demonstrated highly positive perceptions toward AI-assisted learning, with an overall questionnaire mean score of 4.36 (87.2%). Speaking assessment results showed significant improvement across all speaking components, including fluency, pronunciation accuracy, vocabulary mastery, grammar usage, and communication effectiveness. The mean speaking score increased from 68.24 in the pre-test to 82.10 in the post-test. Furthermore, the paired sample t-test indicated a statistically significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores (t = 14.52, p = 0.000 < 0.05). Interview findings also showed that AI applications enhanced students’ confidence, engagement, autonomous learning, and communication practice. The study concludes that AI-assisted communicative scenario-based learning is an effective and innovative approach for improving Maritime English-speaking skills and preparing cadets for professional communication in the maritime industry. Keywords¾ artificial intelligence; communicative scenario-based; maritime English
Improving Trans Intan Public Transportation Facilities To Support Accessibility And Mobility In Banjar Regency
This study aims to analyze and improve the public transportation infrastructure facilities of Trans Intan feeder services to support accessibility and mobility in Banjar Regency. The Trans Intan feeder service currently serves four routes in the Martapura urban area; however, it faces several key challenges, including limited Bus Stops, unsynchronized operational schedules with the BRT Trans Banjarbakula main service, and the absence of service integration performance assessments. The research methods used include primary and secondary data collection, operational performance analysis of feeder services, infrastructure demand analysis using the 85th percentile method and land use analysis, timed transfer synchronization analysis, and Spatial Network Analysis for Multimodal Urban Transport Systems (SNAMUTS) to measure the level of transportation network integration. The results indicate that the total demand for new infrastructure facilities in the Martapura urban area reaches 42 points, consisting of 3 transit hubs, 9 bus stops, and 30 bus stopping places (TPB). The proposed operational analysis yields headway settings of 12 minutes during peak hours and 16 minutes during off-peak hours, with 16 hours of daily operational time (06:00-22:00) to align with the BRT Trans Banjarbakula schedule. Schedule synchronization at three transit hub points produces an average maximum intermodal waiting time of 10 minutes. The SNAMUTS analysis results demonstrate a significant increase in the Composite Index value from 248.2 in the existing condition to 733.9 in the proposed condition, representing a 2.96-fold improvement. This study recommends infrastructure development, extension of feeder operational hours, and implementation of the timed transfer concept to enhance public transportation integration in Banjar Regency.
Risk-Based Maritime Safety Management, Operational Efficiency, and Financial Performance
Abstrak ¾ Operasi terminal kontainer mengandung berbagai risiko operasional yang dapat mempengaruhi efisiensi operasional dan kinerja keuangan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh Manajemen Keselamatan Maritim Berbasis Risiko (Risk-Based Maritime Safety Management/RBMSM) terhadap Efisiensi Operasional dan Kinerja Keuangan di Terminal Kontainer Semarang, serta peran mediasi Efisiensi Operasional. Manajemen Keselamatan Maritim Berbasis Risiko (RBMSM) dikembangkan berdasarkan integrasi Kode Manajemen Keselamatan Internasional (International Safety Management Code/ISM) dan Kerangka Kerja Manajemen Risiko ISO 31000. Pendekatan penjelasan kuantitatif digunakan dengan menggunakan data yang dikumpulkan dari 150 karyawan operasional melalui pengambilan sampel. Data dianalisis menggunakan Pemodelan Persamaan Struktural Kuadrat Terkecil Parsial (Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling/PLS-SEM). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Manajemen Keselamatan Maritim Berbasis Risiko (RBMSM) mempunyai pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Efisiensi Operasional (β = 0,587; p < 0,001) dan Kinerja Keuangan (β = 0,312; p < 0,001). Efisiensi Operasional juga secara signifikan mempengaruhi Kinerja Keuangan (β = 0,521; p < 0,001) dan hubungan memediasi antara Manajemen Keselamatan Maritim Berbasis Risiko (RBSMM) dan Kinerja Keuangan (β = 0,306; p < 0,001). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi manajemen keselamatan maritim berbasis risiko yang efektif berkontribusi pada pengurangan gangguan operasional dan peningkatan kinerja keuangan. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa RBMSM adalah kemampuan strategi organisasi yang mendukung keunggulan operasional dan kelangsungan keuangan. . Kata kunci - Manajemen Keselamatan Maritim Berbasis Risiko; Efisiensi Operasional; Kinerja Keuangan; Wadah Terminal
Role of Port - Centric Infrastructure in Passenger, Cargo, Industry, and Fisheries Services
Port-centric infrastructure plays a strategic role in integrating multiple port services, including passenger transport, cargo distribution, industrial activities, and fisheries-based operations such as fish auctions; however, existing studies often examine these functions in isolation, leading to a fragmented understanding of port systems. This study aims to systematically assess the role of port-centric infrastructure in enabling integrated port services using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Data were collected from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, yielding 78 initial records, of which five articles were selected after a rigorous screening and eligibility process. The findings indicate that current research is dominated by cargo logistics and industrial integration, while passenger services and fisheries-related activities remain underexplored, reflecting an incomplete representation of ports as multi-functional systems, particularly in developing maritime contexts. The novelty of this study lies in proposing a multi-pillar perspective that integrates passenger, logistics, industrial, and fisheries functions within a unified port-centric framework. This research contributes theoretically by advancing a more holistic conceptualization of port systems and practically by offering insights for policymakers and port authorities to strengthen cross-sectoral integration, while future research should focus on empirical validation and governance mechanisms supporting integrated port development.
GM Loss and Stability Analyzes on MV. Pacific 88 During The Surabaya Port Accident
ABSTRACT iNews on February 2, 2026 at 04.00 a.m, an accident occurred on the MV. Pacific 88 when it was on the starboard side alongside at Surabaya Port which caused the death of one stevedoring worker. Built in 1992, has a LOA of 88,4m with a LBP of 15,0m and a NT of 1,532 m3. The ship suddenly heels to the starboard side, the cargo on deck shifted and containers fell into the sea. The purpose of this case study is to analyze, understand the causes of ship accidents during loading and unloading from the science of ship stability by calculating the gravity metacentric height-GM value. This case study uses a qualitative descriptive method, processes secondary data, formulates, interprets formulas in numerical values theoretically to provide solutions and analyzes the causes of the KM. Pacific 88 ship accident without answering hypothetical variables. Internal factors such as shifting cargo weight, on deck loads, and ballast-free surface water conditions as well as shifting the 'g' point at the end top of the crane are factors causing the ship to heel due to errors in stability calculations and loading planning which affect the GM value moving upwards due to loading and unloading activities. Keywords: container cargo weight; ballast water; metacentric height; ship stability
Development of a Web-Based Heavy Lifting Planning and Rigging Evaluation System for FPSO Module Decommissioning
Heavy lifting operations during the decommissioning of a Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) unit require comprehensive engineering planning to ensure lifting safety, load stability, and operational efficiency. Conventional lifting planning relies on separate manual calculations, which can lead to inefficiencies and inconsistencies in engineering evaluations. This study aims to develop a web-based heavy lifting planning and rigging evaluation system for Electrical House (E-House) module lifting operations in FPSO Ningaloo Vision decommissioning activities. A quantitative engineering approach based on static load analysis and lifting engineering principles was applied. The developed system integrates crane capacity evaluation, sling load analysis, rigging configuration assessment, and Ground Bearing Pressure (GBP) evaluation into a single web-based platform. The analysis was conducted using a design lifting load of 334.367 tons under several lifting configurations. The results indicate that sling angles and rigging configurations significantly affect load distribution and lifting safety. The proposed system enables automated engineering evaluations and supports a more systematic lifting planning process compared to conventional manual methods. The novelty of this research lies in integrating lifting calculations, rigging evaluation, and safety assessments into a web-based engineering support system for offshore heavy lifting operations.
Fire Mitigation-Based Cargo Stowage of Solid-State Battery Electric Vehicles on ASDP Ferry Decks: A Mixed-Method Risk Assessment Study on the Padang–Mentawai Route
The rapid proliferation of solid-state battery electric vehicles (EVs) in Indonesia has introduced an unprecedented fire safety challenge for domestic ferry operations, particularly on high-risk routes such as Padang–Mentawai where extreme maritime environmental conditions compound battery degradation risks. This study examines the influence of EV cargo stowage practices and human resource capacity for fire mitigation on maritime safety perception aboard ASDP ferries. Employing a mixed-method design integrating quantitative Likert-scale surveys (N = 60; α = 0.892), semi-structured qualitative interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD), data were collected from maritime students, lecturers, and seafarers affiliated with Politeknik Pelayaran Sumatera Barat between February and June 2026. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant combined effect of cargo stowage (X2) and fire mitigation capacity (X3) on maritime safety perception (Y), with r = 0.712 (p < 0.01). Risk matrix analysis identified 65% of 18 risk indicators at high or extreme levels, concentrated in maritime environmental conditions and emergency response readiness. FGD findings revealed three structural gaps between SE-DJPL No. 12/2024 and operational practice: insufficient deck infrastructure, seafarer competency deficits in thermal runaway management, and coordination failures among operators, regulators, and port charging providers. The study contributes a risk-based adaptive SOP model for EV cargo stowage and recommends curriculum integration at maritime polytechnic institutions.
Regulatory Compliance, Human Competency, and Maritime Safety Perception in the Era of Electric Vehicle Transportation: Evidence from Indonesian Ferry Operations
Indonesia's accelerating electric vehicle (EV) adoption has created a regulatory and institutional challenge of considerable urgency for domestic ferry operations, where solid-state battery fire risks intersect with persistent competency gaps among seafarers and structural limitations in multi-agency governance frameworks. This study investigates the relationships among regulatory compliance (X4), human resource capacity for fire mitigation (X3), and maritime safety perception (Y) in the context of EV cargo transport on the ASDP Padang–Mentawai ferry route. Using a concurrent mixed-method design — integrating Likert-scale surveys (N = 60; α = 0.892), semi-structured interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) — data were collected from maritime students, lecturers, and active seafarers affiliated with Politeknik Pelayaran Sumatera Barat between February and June 2026. Regression analysis identified human resource capacity (β = 0.43, p < 0.01) as a stronger predictor of safety perception than regulatory compliance (β = 0.31, p < 0.01). FGD thematic analysis surfaced three structural governance gaps: seafarer competency deficits in thermal runaway management, fragmented inter-agency coordination between operators and regulators, and curriculum misalignment in maritime polytechnic institutions. The study contributes a Safety–Competency–Governance (SCG) framework for EV maritime safety management and provides empirically grounded curriculum and policy recommendations for Indonesia's maritime education and regulatory institutions.
Structural Performance of Breasting Dolphin Under Berthing Load Variations
Breasting dolphins are critical marine structures that transfer vessel impact loads to the jetty system during berthing operations. In several existing terminals, increasing operational demands may necessitate the accommodation of vessels larger than the original design vessel, provided that water depth and terminal functionality permit such operation. However, operational feasibility cannot be evaluated solely based on navigational clearance, as berthing velocity, fender reaction, pile stiffness, and soil–pile interaction may significantly influence structural demand. This study investigates the structural performance of an existing breasting dolphin at an oil and gas shore-base jetty under varying berthing load conditions. Four vessel capacities, namely 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, and 10,000 DWT, and five berthing velocity conditions were assessed using a three-dimensional structural model. Additional permanent loads, fender and bollard loads, and soil support modeled using spring element were included. Structural acceptability was assessed based on the occurrence of plastic member behavior and axial force–biaxial bending interaction criteria. The results indicate that only two scenarios remained fully elastic: 7,000 DWT at 0.108 m/s and 8,000 DWT at 0.103 m/s. All other applicable scenarios exhibited plastic member behavior, with critical interaction utilization under difficult sheltered berthing ranging from 3.392 to 3.706. These findings highlight that operational approval for larger vessels should be controlled by berthing velocity and verified structural capacity, rather than by water depth alone.
Performance Evaluation of Autonomous Waypoint Navigation on a Catamaran-Type Unmanned Surface Vehicle
This study presents the development and performance evaluation of an autonomous waypoint navigation system for a catamaran-type Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV). The proposed system enables autonomous waypoint-following missions through real-time position monitoring, heading control, telemetry communication, and mission execution. The navigation system was implemented on a catamaran-type USV platform equipped with a companion computer, autopilot controller, GPS module, inertial sensors, and dual-thruster propulsion system. To evaluate navigation performance, experiments were conducted in both simulation and real-world environments. The performance assessment was based on waypoint error and heading error during autonomous waypoint-following missions. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed system successfully executed autonomous navigation missions in both testing environments. The simulation experiments achieved a mean waypoint error of 0.49 m and a mean heading error of 4.21°, while the real-world experiments produced a mean waypoint error of 1.15 m and a mean heading error of 10.8°. Although larger navigation errors were observed during real-world operation due to environmental disturbances and positioning uncertainty, the USV successfully completed all assigned waypoint missions. These results demonstrate that the proposed navigation system provides reliable autonomous waypoint-following performance and supports maritime monitoring and inspection applications.
Analysis of Jacket Cooling Cracks on Main Engine Performance Reduction
This study analyzes the performance reduction of a ship's main propulsion engine caused by cracks in the jacket cooling system. Efficient engine cooling is vital for maritime transport safety and operational efficiency, yet systems often face critical technical failures. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive case study design aboard the bulk carrier MV Sarah S, research data was gathered through observation, semi-structured interviews with engine officers, and logbook documentation. The results reveal an abnormal operating condition in cylinder No. 2, where coolant leakage through material hairline cracks led to a critical drop in jacket cooling pressure (from 3.5–4 bar down to 2–2.5 bar) and a significant surge in exhaust gas temperature to 590°C. Triangulation analysis identified poor cooling water quality (pH below the 8–10 standard) as the dominant root cause accelerating corrosion, material fatigue, and structural cracking. Consequently, heat dissipation failed, disrupting combustion and lowering engine efficiency. This study concludes that temporary corrective measures are insufficient. Sustained propulsion efficiency requires immediate structural repairs combined with rigorous water treatment management and strict adherence to the Planned Maintenance System (PMS).
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Cotton Fiber as A Bio-Synthetic Fishing Gear Material
Ghost fishing occurs because most fishing gear made from synthetic materials is difficult to degrade in the ocean, threatening the sustainability of marine ecosystems. This study aims to determine the physical and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-coated cotton ropes. The PVA coating process aims to enhance the breaking strength, elongation, and degradation resistance of cotton ropes. PVA-coated ropes exhibited an average breaking strength of 42,68 kgf, a 94,26% increase compared to uncoated ropes. The elongation of PVA-coated ropes reached 20,11%, higher than the control ropes, which had an elongation of only 13%. Immersion tests in seawater demonstrated that the technical lifespan of PVA-coated ropes extended to 54 weeks after immersion, whereas uncoated cotton ropes lasted only 17 weeks.
Analysis of Cargo Handling Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction in Logistics Companies Using the SERVQUAL Method
This study aims to analyze the quality of cargo handling services and their influence on customer satisfaction in a logistics company using the SERVQUAL method. A quantitative approach was employed to evaluate the gap between customer expectations and perceived service performance. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 145 customers selected from a population of 500 customers using the Slovin formula. The research instrument was developed based on the five SERVQUAL dimensions, namely tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The collected data were analyzed using SERVQUAL gap analysis and Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA). The results revealed that the overall SERVQUAL gap score was -0.58, indicating that the cargo handling services provided by the company had not fully met customer expectations. Among the five dimensions, reliability showed the largest negative gap (-0.09), followed by empathy (-0.07), assurance (-0.06), tangibles (-0.06), and responsiveness (-0.02). Furthermore, the IPA results identified cargo status information during the shipping process as the highest priority attribute for improvement. These findings suggest that the company should focus on enhancing service reliability, information transparency, and cargo monitoring systems to improve customer satisfaction and strengthen competitiveness in the logistics industry.
Linear Programming-Based Maritime Speed Allocation and Fuel-Cost Efficiency: An Intelligent Decision Support System with an LLM Explanation Layer
This applied mathematical study develops a linear-programming model for maritime speed allocation to minimize estimated voyage operating cost under route-distance and sailing-deadline constraints. The decision variables represent the distance assigned to each predefined speed mode, enabling the model to determine a continuous mixed-speed allocation that remains feasible within the permitted sailing time. The model was implemented in a web-based Intelligent Decision Support System (IDSS) using a HiGHS-based linear-programming solver and demonstrated on the Tanjung Priok–Tanjung Perak route using an application-generated distance of 469.84 nautical miles. Under a baseline VLSFO price of USD 755/MT and a 35-hour sailing deadline, the model allocated 390.69 NM to the 13-knot mode and 79.15 NM to the 16-knot mode, producing an estimated minimum operating cost of USD 34,748.16 and total fuel consumption of 38.30 MT. Sensitivity analysis shows that tighter deadlines shift the optimal allocation toward higher-speed modes, increase estimated voyage cost, and eventually produce infeasibility when the required travel time falls below the capability of the fastest available speed mode. At the fixed 35-hour deadline, fuel-price variation changes the objective-function value without altering the selected speed allocation in the tested scenarios. As a supplementary interpretive component, an LLM-based layer transforms structured optimization outputs into a natural-language Voyage Master Plan while preserving the ship master's final authority. The study therefore contributes a traceable mathematical optimization model and a functionally integrated explanation interface. Because the analysis uses model-input parameters rather than empirically calibrated vessel records and does not include user-based evaluation, further validation is required before operational deployment.
Safety Analysis of Ferry Passenger Vessels Using the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) Method
Despite strict maritime regulations in Indonesia, ferry accidents remain a significant concern, often caused by human error and navigational failures. This research evaluates ferry operation safety at PT. X from 2020 to 2024 using the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) framework. To address human-factor-related risks, the SHIELD taxonomy was integrated into the risk assessment process, while the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to prioritize mitigation strategies. Analysis of 72 documented accidents identified ship collisions as the most frequent accident type, while vessel sinking represented the highest-risk and most severe accident category. The SHIELD taxonomy enabled a more detailed identification of the contributing factors behind each accident. Based on the developed Risk Control Options (RCOs), the CBA-AHP assessment identified priority mitigation measures for each major hazard. For ship collision risks, the prioritized RCOs include the establishment of abort criteria to terminate maneuvering operations when conditions are no longer considered safe, mandatory berthing briefings prior to maneuvering to explain operational conditions, potential risks, and task distribution, and enhancement of visual awareness toward critical areas surrounding the vessel. For ship sinking risks, the prioritized RCOs consist of the implementation of a loading sequence checklist that must be used and verified at every stage of the operation, conducting periodic inspections throughout the loading and unloading process, and documentation and dissemination of lessons learned to all relevant personnel. This study provides a data-driven basis for ship operators to prioritize safety improvements and reduce the risk of maritime accidents.
Risk Analysis of Quality Decline in Mackerel by UD. Rukman Jaya during Distribution Process to Ciroyom Market, Bandung City
UD. Rukman Jaya is a supplier of mackerel to traditional markets in Bandung City, one of which is Ciroyom Market, Bandung City. Handling activities are the most important process considering that fish is a perishable product. The quality of mackerel greatly determines the selling price of fish and the income of UD. Rukman Jaya and also traders at Ciroyom Market, Bandung City. The research was conducted at the Asemdoyong Fish Landing Place in Pemalang Regency and Ciroyom Market in Bandung City in January 2026 using risk analysis methods. The risk level is determined by the correlation between the frequency of occurrence and the severity of a potential hazard. According to the observations conducted, there are 45 types of potential hazards across 11 stages of processing mackerel intended for sale at Ciroyom Market in Bandung. A total of 23 potential hazards are classified as very high risk, while 22 are classified as high risk. 17 potential hazards can be controlled through administrative measures; 11 potential hazards can be controlled through administrative and substitution measures; 3 potential hazards can be controlled through administrative and elimination measures; 4 potential hazards can be controlled through administrative measures and the use of PPE; and 10 potential hazards can be controlled through administrative and engineering controls.
PLTB Performance Monitoring and 1-Phase Motor Damage Detection on Sewage Pumps on Ships with Current and Vibration Analysis
This research aims to design a system for monitoring the performance of ship's Wind Power Plants (PLTB) and IoT-based single-phase electric motor damage detection. The motor monitoring uses real-time current, piezoelectric vibration, and temperature sensors to detect overload, abnormal vibrations, and temperature rises. The ESP32 microcontroller processes sensor data for display via LCD and IoT. PLTB wind turbines are designed to be adaptive to withstand extreme sea weather to optimize energy. The test evaluates the reliability of the system's response in detecting potential early motor damage through fixed and dynamic measurements. The results show that this system is able to improve the operational efficiency of ships, reduce the risk of sudden damage, optimize renewable energy, and improve overall ship safety through effective periodic monitoring
Implementation Of The ISM Code For Enhancing Maritime Safety: Evidence From Merchant Vessel at Tanjung Perak Port Surabaya
Maritime accidents remain a strategic issue due to operational complexity and human factors. Despite the implementation of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, effectiveness is impeded by inconsistent procedures, inadequate supervision, and a suboptimal safety culture. The objective of this study is to formulate a national safety policy model for commercial vessels that incorporates multidimensional governance integration to minimize accident risks. A mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design was applied to 186 certified seafarers, including masters, deck officers, chief engineers, and engineers on commercial ships anchored at the port of Tanjung Perak. Start using questionnaire survey of the linkert scale then data were further enriched through interviews, observation. The findings indicate that more than 90 percent of informants stated that there had been an increase in safety awareness on the ship. Nevertheless, elevated work pressures, fatigue risks, and inadequate inter-ministerial coordination were identified. The novelty this research in the development of a comprehensive policy model that integrates a variety of aspects, including regulatory, institutional, human resource, technological, and safety culture, into a unified framework. The efficacy of maritime safety systems hinges on their ability to proactively anticipate risks that transcend the boundaries of formal compliance.
Digitization of the Engine Room Logbook to Optimize the Planned Maintenance System (PMS) and Ship Inventory Control
Manual recording systems in ship engine rooms often lead to data redundancy, maintenance scheduling errors, and difficulties in monitoring spare parts availability. To address these limitations, this research aims to design and develop SmartShip Log+, an integrated digital application for ship operational management, specifically focusing on digital logbook recording, the Planned Maintenance System (PMS), and spare parts inventory control. The study employs a Research and Development (R&D) methodology using the Waterfall model. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and literature reviews. The application was developed as a web-based platform integrated with a MySQL database, designed to accommodate the operational workflows of administrators, supervisors, and technicians. The results indicate that the SmartShip Log+ application successfully improves operational efficiency, facilitates real-time monitoring, minimizes recording errors, and centralizes data management. Furthermore, the seamless integration of the digital logbook, PMS, and inventory modules enables more effective maintenance planning and inventory control, thereby contributing to the digital transformation of maritime operations.
Estimation of Ship Exhaust Gas Emission at Tanjung Priok Port Area Using AIS Data
Maritime transportation is a major contributor to global trade but also generates significant atmospheric pollution from ship exhaust emissions. Tanjung Priok Port, Indonesia's largest seaport, experiences intensive vessel traffic that may adversely affect local air quality. This study estimates ship exhaust gas emissions in the Tanjung Priok Port area by integrating Automatic Identification System (AIS) data with the Trozzi emission estimation method. AIS data collected throughout 2024 were analyzed to determine vessel movements, ship types, gross tonnage, and operational modes (cruising, maneuvering, and hoteling). The busiest operational period was identified before estimating emissions of NOₓ, CO, CO₂, VOC, SOₓ, and PM. The results showed that November was the busiest month with 2,480 vessel movements, while 3 November 2024 recorded the highest daily traffic with 109 vessels. During the peak period, total emissions reached 641.81 kg/h of NOₓ, 2,750.63 kg/h of CO, 719.67 kg/h of CO₂, 648.58 kg/h of VOC, 458.44 kg/h of SOₓ, and 34.38 kg/h of PM. Container vessels were identified as the largest emission contributors, followed by tanker and cargo vessels. The study demonstrates that integrating AIS data with the Trozzi methodology provides a reliable activity-based emission inventory that can support sustainable port management, environmental monitoring, and maritime emission reduction policies in Indonesia.
Implementation of A Geofence-Based Anti-Theft System and Real-Time Notifications on USV
Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) are increasingly deployed due to technological advancements, yet their physical security remains significantly under-explored. While anti-theft frameworks are widely adopted for land vehicles, these systems rely on passive anti-theft mechanisms—alerting the owner about the theft—and failed to prevent the physical removal of the asset from the threat. To address this critical gap, this study proposes an active anti-theft system for USVs with a dual-layer detection mechanism utilizing spatial geofencing and physical attitude anomaly detection. The system employs an on-board edge computing that autonomously triggers a closed-loop Return-to-Launch (RTL) maneuver upon detecting a geofence breach, while simultaneously transmitting real-time telemetry update to a Web-Based Ground Control Station (Web-GCS). Testing across controlled and real-world environments demonstrated that the system reliably executes autonomous return protocols with low-latency communication. By transitioning asset protection from passive anti-theft to active anti-theft, this multi-layered framework establishes a novel foundational framework for physical security in autonomous vessels.
Integrated AIS Collision-Risk Mapping in the Lombok Strait TSS
This article develops an auditable Automatic Identification System (AIS) framework for collision risk mapping within the Lombok Strait Traffic Separation Scheme. The framework combines track reconstruction, pairwise encounter detection, distance and time to closest approach point, speed-adjusted two-way vessel domain, exposure-adjusted temporal and vessel class comparison, and Kernel Density Estimation. Because the original raw AIS records are available for analysis, this ready-to-use prototype uses a clearly identified synthetic dataset and should not be submitted as an empirical article. The dataset contains 1,286,430 AIS messages, 5,982 valid track segments, and 2,135 encounter events. Crossing situations constitute 42.0% of the encounters; 18.0% are classified as high CPA urgency and 19.3% involve vessel domain violations. Hypothetical high-risk levels were higher at night than during the day (23.8% versus 13.0%; odds ratio 2.09), while the associated violation rates were 24.3% and 15.0%. Events involving ferries showed the highest exposure-adjusted violation rates, and the northern prevention zone had the greatest synthetic spatial risk intensity. This framework resolves previous denominator and intersection inconsistencies by separating encounter frequency, kinematic urgency, geometric intrusion, exposure, and spatial concentration. All outcome values ​​derived from the original AIS and VTS records are subject to scientific interpretation
Environmental-Oriented Enhancement of B40 Biodiesel Combustion Efficiency Using Hybrid PtO₂–CeO₂ Catalyst and Neodymium N45 Magnetic System in Diesel Engines
The mandatory B40 biodiesel policy in Indonesia has introduced significant technical challenges for diesel engine operation, including increased fuel viscosity, reduced atomization quality, and elevated specific fuel consumption (SFC). This study presents the design, CFD simulation, and experimental validation of a novel hybrid fuel treatment device combining 20 pieces of bipolar neodymium N45 permanent magnets (magnetization zone, peak field 2800 Gauss) with a packed-bed of 6 PtO₂–CeO₂ bimetallic donut-shaped (toroid) catalysts (catalytic zone). CFD simulations using ANSYS Fluent 2024 R1 were conducted to characterize the magnetic field distribution, velocity profile, pressure drop (ΔP = 2.30 bar), catalytic reaction rate (max. 2.00 × 10⁻⁴ mol/m²·s), and temperature distribution (max. 348.2 K, within the 353 K safety limit) of the hybrid device. Experimental tests on a Yanmar TF 85 MR diesel engine at 1800 RPM and 1 kW load demonstrated that the hybrid catalyst reduced B40 fuel consumption from 10.00 mL/min (baseline) to an average of 9.21 mL/min, achieving a mean fuel saving efficiency of 7.90%. The results confirm the technical feasibility and effectiveness of the PtO₂–CeO₂/Nd-N45 hybrid catalyst system for improving B40 combustion efficiency and supporting environmentally oriented fuel utilization in diesel engines.
Optimization of Engine and Fishing Gear Selection Based on Vessel Characteristics in Selambai Fishers Village, Bontang City
Small-scale fisheries constitute the dominant fishing sector in Indonesia and play a crucial role in sustaining coastal livelihoods. However, fleet configuration and fishing gear selection are often based on experience and economic considerations rather than technical assessment, resulting in operational inefficiency and declining productivity. This study aims to analyze the suitability of fishing vessel characteristics with installed engine power and fishing gear used by fishers in Selambai Fishers Village, Bontang, East Kalimantan. Primary data were collected through field measurements of principal vessel dimensions (L, B, D), interviews with fishers, and hydrodynamic resistance simulation using Maxsurf Resistance. Vessel dimension ratios were evaluated against reference standards, and engine power requirements were determined based on effective horsepower (EHP) and shaft horsepower (SHP) calculations derived from Holtrop resistance predictions. The results show that the fishing vessel exhibits principal dimension ratios of L/B = 5.07, L/D = 10, and B/D = 1.97, indicating suitability for passive fishing gears requiring high transverse stability such as handline, squid jigging, gillnet, and collapsible traps. Hydrodynamic analysis identifies an optimal operational speed at 6–7 knots with a corresponding power requirement of approximately 60–65 HP, suggesting that inappropriate engine selection may lead to increased fuel consumption and reduced performance efficiency.
Integrated Pipeline Integrity Assessment for Life-Extension Decisions
Oil and gas transmission pipelines operating beyond their original design life require comprehensive integrity assessments to ensure safe, reliable, and sustainable continued operation. Life-extension decisions should not rely only on asset age but must consider actual degradation conditions, operational risks, structural integrity, and remaining service capability. This study proposes an integrated pipeline integrity assessment framework to support technical decision-making for aging transmission pipelines. The proposed framework combines Failure Mechanism Identification (FMI), Risk Assessment (RA), Fitness-for-Service (FFS), and Residual Life Assessment (RLA) into a structured evaluation process. The methodology was applied to a 10-inch API 5L X52 condensate transmission pipeline located in Jambi, Indonesia. Inspection records, ultrasonic thickness measurements, operational data, and engineering evaluation reports were analyzed to determine the actual integrity condition of the pipeline. The results showed that external corrosion was the dominant degradation mechanism affecting the pipeline system. Risk assessment indicated that most evaluated pipeline segments remained within acceptable risk levels. Fitness-for-Service evaluation confirmed that the pipeline satisfied the required acceptance criteria, with sufficient wall thickness for continued operation. Residual Life Assessment demonstrated adequate remaining service capability beyond the original design life. This study confirms that integrated integrity assessment provides a systematic and technically justified approach for supporting risk-based pipeline life-extension decisions.
Quality Control Analysis of Export-Grade Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) Fillet Using Statistical Process Control and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
Ensuring consistent product quality in export-oriented seafood processing is essential to comply with international standards and maintain market competitiveness. This study evaluates the quality control performance of export-grade barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fillet production using an integrated approach combining Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). The research was conducted over a seven-month period (August 2025-February 2026) at a seafood processing company in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. SPC tools, including check sheets, Pareto diagrams, p-control charts, and fishbone diagrams, were applied to monitor process stability and identify dominant defect types. The results indicated four primary defects: improper fillet cutting (42.65%), vacuum leakage (35.29%), labeling errors (10.29%), and residual scales (11.76%). The p-chart analysis showed that the process remained statistically under control, although defect proportions increased during peak production in December. Pareto analysis revealed that improper cutting and vacuum leakage contributed nearly 78% of total defects, highlighting critical control points in processing and packaging stages. FMEA further identified vacuum leakage as the highest-risk failure mode, with a Risk Priority Number (RPN) of 2160 due to its severe impact on product shelf life and export compliance. The integration of SPC and FMEA proved effective in distinguishing statistically stable processes from high-priority operational risks. The study demonstrates that combining quantitative monitoring with structured risk assessment enhances decision-making, supports targeted corrective actions, and strengthens quality assurance systems in seafood fillet processing industries.
Characteristic of FRP Shipbuilding Waste at the CV. Roni Marine Shipyard, Cilacap
Abstract¾ The increasing production of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) vessels in traditional shipyards contributes to higher waste generation. The lack of information regarding the quantity and characteristics of this waste makes it difficult to assess the sustainability of recycling FRP waste into composite boards. This study aims to estimate FRP waste based on vessel GT size and identify the physical forms of waste produced during the manufacturing process at the CV. Roni Marine Shipyard, Cilacap. The method used includes direct observation, vessel sampling by size, and classification and weighing of waste based on its type/shape. Results show that FRP composite waste in sheet/plate form accounts for the highest percentage (67%), followed by purse solid FRP composite waste (30%), and impure solid FRP composite waste (3%). The average amount of FRP waste generated per 1 Gross Tonnage (GT) of a vessel is 2.73 kg/GT. The highest amount of waste was produced during the frame installation stage. These findings are important for improving waste management efficiency and supporting the recycling of FRP waste into value-added products such as composite boards.
Numerical Analysis of Wave Attenuation by Mangrove Forests
Mangrove forests provide natural coastal protection by attenuating wave energy, although their protective effectiveness remains challenging to quantify. In particular, the contributions of vegetation density and of the bulk drag coefficient are seldom separated, and open-source wave-resolving models are rarely checked against prototype-scale physical-model data. This study aims to quantify wave attenuation across a mangrove band at its seaward edge (x = 35 m), its middle (x = 44 m) and its landward edge (x = 52 m); to isolate the independent effects of vegetation density and of the drag coefficient (Cd); and to assess the consistency of the model against a prototype-scale physical benchmark. The XBeach numerical model was applied in non-hydrostatic (wave-resolving) mode to a 104 m numerical flume, with vegetation schematised into root, trunk and canopy layers, each with its own stem diameter, density and drag coefficient. Simulations were performed for three scenarios — no mangroves, low-density mangroves (N = 25 stems m⁻²) and high-density mangroves (N = 50 stems m⁻²) — with additional sensitivity tests varying the drag coefficient (Cd = 2.0 and Cd = 1.5). The analysis focused on three key wave parameters: water level, zero-crossing wave height, and significant wave height. Results show that high-density mangroves reduce the band-averaged significant wave height by 24%, whereas low-density mangroves achieve a 15% reduction compared with unvegetated conditions, so halving the stem density approximately halves the reduction. Lowering the drag coefficient to Cd = 2.0 and Cd = 1.5 reduced the attenuation to 18% and 17%, a monotonic but sub-linear dependence, matching the trend observed in a prototype-scale physical model experiment. These findings highlight the significant influence of vegetation density and drag on wave attenuation and support the use of mangroves as effective nature-based solutions for coastal defence and sustainable coastal management
Standards-Based Design Of 50/60 Hz Shore Power Converter
This study proposes a standards-based design for integrating a 50/60 Hz shore power frequency converter to supply international vessels that operate at 60 Hz from a 50 Hz shore grid, while preserving electrical safety through adequate protection and conductor ampacity in a low-voltage shore connection (LVSC) system. A case study was conducted at The anonymized Surabaya terminal, which provides a 400 V, 50 Hz shore power service through five berth panels. The analysis adopts a conservative full-load basis of 250 A per berth panel and estimates converter capacity using three-phase power relations. The integration architecture is selected to reduce operational coupling between berths, while protection and cable adequacy are verified using a 125% margin rule (PUIL-based) and the LVSC interoperability framework of IEC/IEEE 80005-3 to justify frequency conversion for international-vessel service. Results show a required active power of 147.05 kW per berth panel, corresponding to 735.25 kW total for five panels. A distributed one-converter-per-panel scheme using 200 kW modules yields approximately 73.5% nominal utilization per unit and supports practical deployment as three units for the domestic terminal and two units for the international terminal. In addition, the standards-based verification identifies targeted infrastructure upgrades required for robust operation under peak loading: MCCB GU III is under-rated for the aggregated domestic load (750 A) and should be uprated to 1250 A, while the ACB–Transformer feeder is the dominant thermal bottleneck and requires an ampacity upgrade to satisfy the minimum margin. Overall, the findings indicate that reliable 50/60 Hz interoperability depends on coordinated converter sizing and distributed integration, together with focused uprating of upstream protection and conductor capacity.
Navigating Climate Uncertainty: Local Cultural Strategies for Building Resilience among Nias Fishermen
Climate change increases the vulnerability of fishing communities through weather uncertainty, changes in fishing seasons, declining catch yields, and household income instability. This study aims to formulate strategies to enhance the resilience of fishermen on Nias Island based on local culture in the face of climate change. The study employed a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis based on internal and external factors affecting fishermen’s adaptive capacity. The analysis results show an IFAS score of 2.314 and an EFAS score of 2.120, with the strategy positioned in Quadrant I (aggressive). The primary strengths of Nias fishermen stem from their cultural values and seafaring traditions, as well as their local knowledge in understanding ocean conditions and seasons. Conversely, the main weaknesses lie in the low level of processing and value addition of fishery products, as well as the weak economic capacity of fishing households. The greatest opportunities stem from the potential of fishery resources and support from capacity-building programs, while the main threats include weather uncertainty, declining catch yields, and fluctuations in the prices of fishery products. The resulting strategies focus on strengthening adaptation based on local culture, increasing the value added of fishery products, strengthening institutions, and community-based management of coastal resources. These findings indicate that local culture and traditional ecological knowledge are key assets in enhancing the resilience of Nias fishermen to climate change.
Estimates of Gear Loss and Contributing Factors in Gillnet Fisheries in the Pangandaran Waters of Indonesia
Abandoned, Lost, or Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG), or ghost gear, poses a major threat to marine ecosystems and the sustainability of fisheries. This study in Pangandaran, Indonesia, estimated gillnet losses, identified key causal factors, and developed management recommendations. Data was collected through field observations and structured interviews with 90 gillnet fishers at Cikidang Fishing Port (PP), analyzed using Confidence Intervals (CI) to estimate annual losses. All respondents reported ALDFG incidents, with losses ranging from 16,473–19,648 pieces (752,528–897,605 meters) per year, equivalent to IDR 8.66–10.33 billion. The main causes included strong currents, snagging on coral reefs, and adverse weather. ALDFG not only drives ghost fishing but also degrades marine habitats and imposes economic burdens on fishers. Recommended mitigation measures include awareness programs, adoption of modern technologies (GPS, RFID, AIS), gear marking, planning of fishing grounds, skill enhancement, use of durable materials, avoiding gillnet deployment in high-risk areas, lost gear reporting systems, onshore facilities for storing end-of-life fishing gear (EOLFG) and ALDFG, providing incentives to support these interventions, and circular economy practices. This study provides critical local quantitative data and causal analysis to inform management strategies and policy interventions to reduce ALDFG at the local level.