Safety Analysis of Ferry Passenger Vessels Using the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) Method

Abstract

Despite strict maritime regulations in Indonesia, ferry accidents remain a significant concern, often caused by human error and navigational failures. This research evaluates ferry operation safety at PT. X from 2020 to 2024 using the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) framework. To address human-factor-related risks, the SHIELD taxonomy was integrated into the risk assessment process, while the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to prioritize mitigation strategies. Analysis of 72 documented accidents identified ship collisions as the most frequent accident type, while vessel sinking represented the highest-risk and most severe accident category. The SHIELD taxonomy enabled a more detailed identification of the contributing factors behind each accident. Based on the developed Risk Control Options (RCOs), the CBA-AHP assessment identified priority mitigation measures for each major hazard. For ship collision risks, the prioritized RCOs include the establishment of abort criteria to terminate maneuvering operations when conditions are no longer considered safe, mandatory berthing briefings prior to maneuvering to explain operational conditions, potential risks, and task distribution, and enhancement of visual awareness toward critical areas surrounding the vessel. For ship sinking risks, the prioritized RCOs consist of the implementation of a loading sequence checklist that must be used and verified at every stage of the operation, conducting periodic inspections throughout the loading and unloading process, and documentation and dissemination of lessons learned to all relevant personnel. This study provides a data-driven basis for ship operators to prioritize safety improvements and reduce the risk of maritime accidents.