Analysis of SO2 Emissions and Thermal Anomalies from the Eruption of Mount Lewotobi Laki-laki in November 2024 Using Google Earth Engine
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Mount Lewotobi is one of the active volcanoes located in Wulanggitang District, East Flores Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki in November 2024 has been detected showing significant volcanic activity. This volcanic activity has been detected emitting volcanic gas emissions and significant lava flows that could affect air quality, structures, and the surrounding ecosystem. SO2 emissions and hotspot areas were analyzed using remote sensing data from Sentinel-5P (TROPOMI), Sentinel-2 (MSI), and Landsat-8 (OLI). Data processing was conducted using the Google Earth Engine platform to obtain spatial and temporal analyses of SO2 concentrations in the air and heat sources generated by volcanic activity. The Normalized Hotspot Indices (NHI) method was applied to identify and map hotspots generated by volcanic activity. The results of SO2 levels showed a maximum value of 300,831 µg/m³ and an average of 71,928 µg/m³ occurring on November 9, 2024. The classification of hotspot distribution indicated a range from high to moderate to low. The total number of hotspots measured was 51 on Landsat-8 and 278 on Sentinel-2. The statistical test results for Landsat-8 data showed no significant correlation between SO2 measurements and hotspot measurements, whereas the results for Sentinel-2 showed an inverse correlation.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
E. Hariyono and L. S, “The Characteristics of Volcanic Eruption in Indonesia,” in Volcanoes - Geological and Geophysical Setting, Theoretical Aspects and Numerical Modeling, Applications to Industry and Their Impact on the Human Health, InTech, 2018. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.71449.
P. C. Pandey, “Highlighting the role of earth observation Sentinel5P TROPOMI in monitoring volcanic eruptions: a report on Hunga Tonga, a Submarine Volcano,” Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 912–923, 2022, doi: 10.1080/2150704X.2022.2106799.
F. Marchese and N. Genzano, “Global volcano monitoring through the Normalized Hotspot Indices (NHI) system,” J Geol Soc London, vol. 180, no. 1, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1144/jgs2022-014.
C. Corradino, P. Jouve, A. La Spina, and C. Del Negro, “Monitoring Earth’s atmosphere with Sentinel-5 TROPOMI and Artificial Intelligence: Quantifying volcanic SO2 emissions,” Remote Sens Environ, vol. 315, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2024.114463.
C. Corradino, P. Jouve, A. La Spina, and C. Del Negro, “Monitoring Earths atmosphere with Sentinel-5 TROPOMI and Artificial Intelligence: Quantifying volcanic SO2 emissions,” Remote Sens Environ, vol. 315, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2024.114463.
A. Inness et al., “Evaluating the assimilation of S5P/TROPOMI near real-time SO2 columns and layer height data into the CAMS integrated forecasting system (CY47R1), based on a case study of the 2019 Raikoke eruption,” Geosci Model Dev, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 971–994, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.5194/gmd-15-971-2022.
G. Mazzeo, M. S. Ramsey, F. Marchese, N. Genzano, and N. Pergola, “Implementation of the NHI (Normalized hot spot indices) algorithm on infrared aster data: Results and future perspectives,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1–16, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21041538.
M. Drusch et al., “Sentinel-2: ESA’s Optical High-Resolution Mission for GMES Operational Services,” Remote Sens Environ, vol. 120, pp. 25–36, May 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2011.11.026.
S. Valade et al., “Towards global volcano monitoring using multisensor sentinel missions and artificial intelligence: The MOUNTS monitoring system,” Remote Sens (Basel), vol. 11, no. 13, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.3390/rs11131528.
V. Ihlen, “Landsat 8 (L8) Data Users Handbook,” 2019.
J. Wei et al., “Global aerosol retrieval over land from Landsat imagery integrating Transformer and Google Earth Engine,” Remote Sens Environ, vol. 315, p. 114404, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2024.114404.
F. Marchese, N. Genzano, M. Nolde, A. Falconieri, N. Pergola, and S. Plank, “Mapping and characterizing the Kilauea (Hawaii) lava lake through Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI observations of December 2020–February 2021,” Environmental Modelling and Software, vol. 148, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105273.
N. Theys et al., “A sulfur dioxide Covariance-Based Retrieval Algorithm (COBRA): application to TROPOMI reveals new emission sources,” Atmos Chem Phys, vol. 21, no. 22, pp. 16727–16744, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.5194/acp-21-16727-2021.
S. Corradini et al., “Tropospheric volcanic so2 mass and flux retrievals from satellite. The etna december 2018 eruption,” Remote Sens (Basel), vol. 13, no. 11, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.3390/rs13112225.
N. Genzano, F. Marchese, M. Neri, N. Pergola, and V. Tramutoli, “Implementation of robust satellite techniques for volcanoes on aster data under the google earth engine platform,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 9, May 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11094201.