Retraction and Correction Policy

This journal is committed to maintaining the integrity and accuracy of the scholarly record. When errors or ethical concerns are identified in published articles, appropriate action will be taken in accordance with best practices in academic publishing and the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

1. Corrections

A correction (erratum or corrigendum) may be issued when:

Minor errors are identified that do not affect the overall validity of the research findings
Author details, affiliations, or acknowledgments require amendment
Typographical or formatting errors could lead to misunderstanding

Corrections will be clearly linked to the original article and will describe the nature of the change. The corrected version of the article will be updated while maintaining a record of the original publication.

2. Retractions

A retraction may be issued when:

There is clear evidence of plagiarism, data fabrication, or falsification
The findings are proven to be unreliable due to major errors or misconduct
The article has been published elsewhere without proper disclosure (duplicate publication)
Unethical research practices are identified

Retraction notices will:

Be clearly identified as a retraction
Remain permanently linked to the retracted article
Explain the reason for the retraction
Be freely accessible to readers

The original article will not be removed but will be marked clearly as retracted to preserve the integrity of the academic record.

3. Expressions of Concern

An expression of concern may be published when:

There is inconclusive evidence of research or publication misconduct
An investigation is ongoing but a final decision has not yet been reached

This notice serves to inform readers of potential issues while the matter is under review.

4. Withdrawal of Manuscripts (Before Publication)

Authors may request withdrawal of a manuscript before publication. However, withdrawal after the review or production process has significantly progressed may require a formal explanation and approval by the editor.

5. Investigation Procedure

When potential ethical issues are raised:

The editorial team conducts an initial assessment
Authors may be asked to provide clarification or supporting documentation
External experts or the authors' institutions may be consulted when necessary
A final decision will be made based on available evidence and ethical guidelines

All cases are handled confidentially, fairly, and in accordance with COPE guidance.

6. Transparency

All corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern will be published promptly and transparently to maintain trust in the scholarly record.